2 Approaches

2.1 Symbolic AI

Introduction: “Intelligence as Symbol Processing” — Ron Chrisley

2.1.1 Foundational Texts

Alan M. Turing (1950) — Computing Machinery and Intelligence

John McCarthy, Marvin L. Minsky, N. Rochester, and Claude E. Shannon (1955) — A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence

John McCarthy (1958) — Programs with Common Sense (with discussion)

Allen Newell, J. C. Shaw, and Herbert Simon (1959) — Report on a General Problem-Solving Program

George A. Miller, Eugene Galanter, and Karl H. Pribram (1960) — The Simulation of Psychological Processes

Marvin Minsky (1963) — Steps Toward Artificial Intelligence

2.1.2 Developments

Allen Newell and Herbert Simon (1976) — Computer Science as Empirical Inquiry: Symbols and Search

Daniel G. Bobrow and Patrick J. Hayes (1985) — Artificial Intelligence — Where Are We?

Marvin Minsky (1985) — Excerpts from The Society of Mind

John McCarthy (1988) — Mathematical Logic in Artificial Intelligence

Paul S. Rosenbloom, John E. Laird, Allen Newell, and Robert McCarl (1991) — A Preliminary Analysis of the Soar Architecture as a Basis for General Intelligence

Douglas Lenat and Edward Feigenbaum (1991) — On the Thresholds of Knowledge

2.2 Subsymbolic and Connectionist AI

Introduction: “The Emergence of Connectionism”— Ron Chrisley

2.2.1 Historical Contexts

Kenneth Aizawa (1992) — Connectionism and Artificial Intelligence: History and Philosophical Interpretation

B. Jack Copeland and Diane Proudfoot (1996) — On Alan Turing’s Anticipation of Connectionism

Frank Rosenblatt (1958) — The Perceptron: A Probabilistic Model for Information Storage and Organization in the Brain

Oliver G. Selfridge (1959) — Pandemonium: A Paradigm for Learning

Margaret Boden (1991) — Horses of a Different Color?

2.2.2 Developments

Douglas R. Hofstadter (1983) — Waking Up from the Boolean Dream, or, Subcognition as Computation

David L. Waltz (1988) — The Prospects for Building Truly Intelligent Machines

Paul Smolensky (1990) — Connectionism and the Foundations of AI

Marvin Minsky (1990) — Logical vs. Analogical, or Symbolic vs. Connectionist, or Neat vs. Scruffy