2 Approaches (continued)

2.3 Situated, Dynamical and Evolutionary AI

Introduction: “Intelligence as a Way of Life” — Ron Chrisley

Daniel C. Dennett (1978) — Why Not the Whole Iguana?

Luc Steels (1996) — The Artificial Life Roots of Artificial Intelligence

2.3.1 Situated AI

Historical Context

Gregory Bateson (1971) — The Cybernetics of “Self” (excerpt)

Developments

Brian C. Smith (1991) — The Owl and the Electric Encyclopedia

Rodney A. Brooks (1991) — Intelligence Without Reason

David Kirsh (1988) — Today the Earwig, Tomorrow Man?

2.3.2 Dynamical AI

Historical Context

W. Ross Ashby (1956) — Design for an Intelligence-Amplifier

Developments

Randall D. Beer (1995) — A Dynamical Systems Perspective on Agent–Environment Interaction

2.3.3 Evolutionary AI

Historical Context

Lawrence J. Fogel, Alvin J. Owens, and Michael J. Walsh (1966) — Introduction to Artificial Intelligence through Simulated Evolution

Developments

Phil Husbands, Inman Harvey, Dave Cliff, and Geoffrey Miller (1997) — Artificial Evolution: A New Path for Artificial Intelligence?

3 Critiques and Stumbling Blocks

Introduction: “Critiques of Artificial Reason” — Ron Chrisley

Joseph Weizenbaum (1976) — Artificial Intelligence

Heinz Pagels (1984) — Panel Discussion: Has Artificial Intelligence Research Illuminated Human Thinking?

3.1 Diagonalization and the Limits of Formality

J. R. Lucas (1996) — Minds, Machines and Gödel: A Retrospect

3.2 Phenomenology

Hubert L. Dreyfus (1965) — Alchemy and Artificial Intelligence

Terry Winograd (1990) — Thinking Machines: Can There Be? Are We?

Hubert L. Dreyfus (1992) — Introduction to the MIT Press Edition of What Computers Can't Do

3.3 The Lighthill Report

James Lighthill (1972) — Artificial Intelligence: A General Survey

John McCarthy (1974) — Review of “Artificial Intelligence: A General Survey”

3.4 The Frame Problem

Daniel Dennett (1984) — Cognitive Wheels: The Frame Problem of AI

Jerry Fodor (1987) — Modules, Frames, Fridgeons, Sleeping Dogs, and the Music of the Spheres